Atlas of Finland 1910
FRAtlas de Finlande 1910
Finland · 1911
Related Reviews & Articles
Suomen Kartasto, 1960, Atlas of Finland, 1960/1962
Georges Chabot · 1964
This article reviews the fourth edition of the Atlas of Finland, published in 1960 by the Geographical Society of Finland, comprising 39 plates and 421 maps with a separate text volume. The reviewer notes that although designated as the fourth edition, this work is essentially a completely new atlas, reflecting the profound changes in Finland following WWII, including territorial adjustments, population resettlement, and economic transformation, particularly industrialization. The atlas comprehensively covers physical geography, population, agriculture, industry, commerce, and regional divisions. The review praises its remarkable cartographic execution and the wealth of information it provides, considering it one of the finest national atlases ever produced. The author concludes that this atlas continues the patriotic tradition established with the first edition in 1899, serving as a definitive representation of modern Finland and a major achievement of Finnish geographical scholarship.
Entwicklung und Stand der Kartographie Finnlands
Ulrich Kriesche · 1944
This article surveys the historical development, institutional foundations, principal products, and contemporary condition of Finnish cartography from the sixteenth century to the early 1940s. Early European maps depicted Finland with highly distorted outlines, although military conflict, northern trade, taxation, land administration, and economic planning gradually created a demand for more reliable geographic information. Because Finland formed part of the Swedish realm, its early cartographic history was inseparable from the development of Swedish surveying. In the seventeenth century, Andreas Bureus placed Swedish-Finnish mapping on a more systematic and scientific footing by determining coordinates, training surveyors, and promoting standardized cadastral maps accompanied by descriptive records. Subsequent works by Anders Strengh, Lorenz Schroderus, Gripenhielm, and others improved the representation of settlements, property divisions, coastlines, and the national territory, even though errors in longitude and the absence of consistent geodetic control remained serious limitations. Warfare in the early eighteenth century largely interrupted surveying. After the Peace of Turku in 1743, however, reconstruction, land consolidation, and new triangulations revived cartographic activity. Surveys associated with Maupertuis, Gadolin, Justander, Wallin, and af Schultén supplied improved foundations, while Wetterstedt, Hermelin, and Hällström critically combined archival maps, field observations, measurements, and place-name research. Their work marked a transition toward modern cartography and more restrained, evidence-based relief representation. The article argues that Finnish national cartography was nearly immobilized during the Russian period, leaving Russian topographic and nautical maps—later released from secrecy—as indispensable sources well into the twentieth century. Following independence, Finland had to construct a modern national mapping system without the mature institutional continuity enjoyed by older states. Authorities experimented with surveys at 1:50,000 and plane-table sheets at 1:20,000, but the need for rapid coverage encouraged temporary reliance on 1:100,000 mapping. Economic maps, topographic series, general maps, wall maps, hand maps, and the Finnish atlas demonstrate significant progress, while the adoption of the Gauss–Krüger projection across most series represents an important step toward standardization. Nevertheless, accurate coverage remained geographically uneven: southern Finland, strategically important Ladoga Karelia, selected urban and economic districts, and Petsamo were comparatively well mapped, whereas extensive interior and northern areas still depended on the inadequate 1:400,000 general map. The study also examines inconsistent Finnish and Swedish place-name spellings, official bilingual naming practices, and efforts to standardize Skolt Sámi names. It concludes that Finnish cartography, like the young state itself, remained under construction, but displayed a strong commitment to scientifically sound, unified, and practically useful maps; wartime requirements were expected to generate further advances.
La deuxième édition de l'Atlas de Finlande: second article
J. Poirot · 1913
This article provides a detailed review of the human geography section of the second edition of the Atlas of Finland, focusing on the population, agriculture, industry, and communications of the country in the early 20th century. It notes that Finland's settlement dates back to the Neolithic Littorina period, with the population initially drawn to water sources, forming five geographically recognizable tribes. Between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries, agricultural colonization increased the population from 575,000 to 1.84 million, pushing settlement into the interior. However, from the 1860s onward, industrialization became the main driver of population distribution, concentrating people in urban and industrial centers, with the agricultural population falling to 57% by 1900. Population density is uneven, averaging about 8.5 per square kilometer, with the highest in Nyland and the lowest in Uleåborg, and is closely linked to waterways. In agriculture, primitive swidden cultivation was replaced by more advanced methods; due to the cold climate, rye cultivation shifted to hardier oats and fodder crops, promoting livestock raising and a flourishing butter export industry. In industry, despite scarce mineral resources, Finland possesses nearly inexhaustible forests and hydropower, offering favorable conditions for industries like timber and paper, leading to the rise of cities such as Tampere. For communications, Finland leverages its numerous lakes and rivers, supplemented by canals and railways, creating a unique network where winter ice roads and summer waterways are particularly important. The article concludes that the Atlas comprehensively showcases how Finland, under adverse natural conditions, successfully developed a prosperous civilization through its tenacious national character and favorable social institutions, emphasizing the crucial role of social factors in utilizing natural conditions.
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